Chapter 258 New Particles Identified, International Shock! Edward Witten: It Turns Out that Paul Is a Traitor!

Chapter 258 New particles identified, international shock! Edward Witten: So Paul is a traitor!

"As for the wind pressure of turbine machinery, we have always made manual calculations based on the plan."

"We also want to use computers to carry out simulation calculations, but there is no simulation system at all. The calculation of wind pressure of turbine machinery is a complex problem. Internationally, simulation systems have been available for a long time, but we have not yet..."

"So for now we can only do calculations manually!"

Zeng Haiyu found out that Wang Hao really didn't know, so he bit the bullet and explained. Of course they know that it is better to do large-scale calculations through simulation, but there is no corresponding system at all, that is, there is no relevant software.

This kind of software involves very complex mathematical problems and is very difficult to develop, but it can be made by more than just talking about it.

Zeng Haiyu's explanation made Wang Hao understand, and he found that his thinking was a bit simple.

Wang Hao generally knew how to calculate the wind pressure of turbine machinery. The main calculation difficulty was in the approximate calculation of fluid mechanics. But just like the space agency had a rocket simulation system, he subconsciously felt that research in the field of aerospace engines would also be possible. There are similar analog computing systems.

The two systems do not seem to be the same problem. In fact, the main difficulty involved lies in the calculation of complex equations.

The main problem in aero-engine manufacturing is that the research history is relatively short. Domestic research on aero-engines was only officially started thirty years ago.

The research method at that time was to draw heavily on the experience of foreign engines. It was even said that as long as it could be copied, it was a success, and there was no design problem at all.

It was only in the past ten years that research really involved design solutions.

Only when domestic self-developed aero engines have stable performance and can be assembled on high-end fighter jets will we truly enter the stage of self-developed higher-end engines.

When we reach the stage of self-developed high-end engines, we can no longer learn from foreign plans, and only then will we have a new "structural design plan".

This is a rapid transformation process, and the accompanying system will naturally be imperfect.

The wind pressure calculation of turbine machinery involves very complex mathematical problems, which are not easy to rely on computer simulation calculations. At the Aero Engine Research Institute, even the development of simulation calculation systems is still in the demonstration stage.

Therefore, for several new design solutions, manual calculations can only be used for comparison at this stage.

In fact, it is still a problem of self-developed high-end engines and the time is too short.

The aerospace engine company that has a monopoly in the world has a history of researching aerospace engines that can be traced back hundreds of years. It naturally has a complete set of professional systems. It had a professional simulation calculation system more than 30 years ago, specifically for the study of aerospace engines. developed.

In China, the research time is too short, and some systems have not been able to keep up.

Wang Hao thought about it seriously and said, "If you want to determine which of your several plans is better, the best way is to use a large number of numerical values ​​for calculation."

"Of course there is another way, which is to do derivation and comparison of solution set functions, but the difficulty is really too high."

"I don't know if it can be analyzed..."

He said shaking his head.

This answer made Zeng Haiyu a little disappointed. The institute debated several options, but their calculations could not draw a definite conclusion.

Now even Wang Hao, the first person in mathematics, can't do anything?

"but……"

Wang Hao's voice changed and he continued, "If it is to build a simulation computing system, I think we can study it seriously."

"This system should be very helpful for your research, right?"

Zeng Haiyu was stunned. He subconsciously asked, "Really?"

After he felt guilty for making a mistake, he immediately said, "Professor Wang, I'm not questioning you, but it's really a surprise. If we can have a simulation system, we can think of several more solutions for calculations, and there will be no such thing in the future." trouble."

"The wind pressure calculation of turbine machinery is really important. With the help of the simulation system, the research of aero-engines can be shortened by at least three years!"

What Zeng Haiyu said was not an exaggeration at all, and was even a bit conservative.

There are three major difficulties in the research of aero-engines. One is to increase the pressure ratio inside the engine, the second is to enhance the high-temperature resistance of materials, and the last is to solve the problem of bearing capacity of internal components.

Improving the boost ratio inside the engine ranks first, and if you want to increase the boost ratio, you need to improve the boost efficiency of the internal fan blades. The design of the fan is crucial.

If there is a complete simulation system, it will be very important for the early design and later testing, which will greatly shorten the engine development time.

Generally speaking, the development time of top engines is calculated in years. A most advanced engine can be developed in ten years, which is already very fast.

With the help of a complete simulation system, early design and later experiments, it is no exaggeration to say that the research and development speed will be increased by three years.

Wang Hao said, "Professor Zeng, you don't have to be happy in a hurry, go back and discuss it first."

"We can indeed help develop a simulation system, but you also know how difficult it is and requires a lot of people to participate..."

"Of course, of course!"

Zeng Haiyu hurriedly said a few words, "We will cooperate on a project basis, and the cost..."

Wang Hao said, "If you are sure, I can send someone to talk."

After he finished speaking, he added, "Even if cooperation can be reached, the simulation system cannot be completed in a short time. I can also take the time to help you look at several options."

Zeng Haiyu was stunned for a moment, then smiled and nodded, "Okay, it's settled."

…

Zeng Haiyu cannot make a decision on a large-scale system project by himself. He has to go back to the research institute to discuss it with others.

Wang Hao just needs to wait for the news.

In fact, the screening plan problem Zeng Haiyu mentioned is not complicated for him. Of course, he will not slowly calculate it manually, but will do a mathematical analysis, and he will definitely be able to reach a certain conclusion.

But he didn't want to do it.

Even if the best plan is selected, it may not be the most suitable. As Zeng Haiyu said, they can come up with many plans. After deciding on a plan, they will make subsequent adjustments.

There will be a lot of calculations involved in the whole process, and you can't come to him every time you encounter a calculation dispute.

Therefore, the work is meaningless at all. It is better to directly study a simulation system and use computers to solve problems every time.

This is good for the Mason Number Laboratory. After completing the cooperation project with the space agency, they no longer have any big projects in hand.

Many people in the laboratory are 'idle', and researchers have nothing to do, which is not a good thing.

So Wang Hao simply offered to help build a simulation system. The core difficulties related to fluid mechanics calculations were no longer too complicated for him.

He completed the core mathematical problems and left the side work to others.

As for helping to select the best solution, it can be regarded as a ‘gift’ that comes with achieving project cooperation.

That's just a small thing.

Helping the laboratory find a project worth more than 10 million is a big deal.

“It’s really not easy to keep a laboratory running, and you also have to work hard to find projects.”

Wang Hao sighed.

…

While Wang Hao lamented that his job was not easy, the focus of the global physics community was on CERN's particle collision test experiment.

This is the second test experiment, even more intense than the first.

Research teams from thirty-seven countries participated in the experimental work, and a domestic team was also dispatched to participate in the subsequent experimental data analysis.

But the focus of international attention is on two independent research groups, one is Didier-Mayor's research group and the other is Gessner-Renier's research group.

Although CERN has not released definite news, many insiders know that two independent research groups will be responsible for the analysis of data in separate energy intervals.

The so-called independent energy range is the data in the ‘183Gev-187Gev’ range.

Didier-Mayor's research group previously completed the data analysis of the relevant interval and obtained the confidence level of the existence of new particles in the interval.

Although the confidence level does not reach five standard deviations, as long as it exceeds one standard deviation, it is enough to indicate that the probability of new particles in the relevant interval is high.

After the particle collision test was completed, both research teams devoted themselves to relevant data analysis work.

There is strong competition among them, and everyone in the research team works very hard, hoping to complete the data analysis first and determine the existence of new particles.

In the end, Didier Mayor came out on top, perhaps because they already had relevant experience and completed all data work within the range on the fourth day after the initial data report.

They published the research results and confirmed news on the experimental team's webpage, "We have discovered the signal of the new particle."

"In the interval of 183Gev-187Gev, there is a new new particle. Through the calculation of experimental data, the confidence level of the existence of the new particle exceeds 7 standard deviations."

They even analyzed the new particles. "The new particles are likely to be a brand-new muon, with a mass about 500 times that of electrons."

In the physics community, for the discovery of new particles, the confidence level is more than five standard deviations. Seven standard deviations means that the possibility of discovering new particles exceeds 99.99999%.

This probability is really too high.

Two days after Didier-Mayor's research team released their research results, Gessner-Renier's research team also confirmed the existence of the new particle.

The standard deviation they calculated was ‘6.9’. They also believed it to be a brand new muon, and the calculation of the mass of the new particle was more accurate.

Gessner-Rainier said in an interview, "The new particle is a new type of pion with a mass 509.4 times that of the electron."

"It decayed very quickly, but we managed to capture the information."

"This discovery is very amazing, and it also means that in the future, more new particles may be predicted in advance through computational analysis."

"We believe that there will be more major discoveries in the future..."

After the two research groups successively identified the new particles, the European Organization for Nuclear Organization also released relevant research reports, confirming the existence of the new particles.

This is news that shocked the international physics community.

Although there have been estimates before, it is still surprising to be confirmed. Many people have revisited the research conducted by Wang Hao and Paul Phil-Jones.

They can calculate new particles in advance by shaping a new mathematical system for decay problems and combining it with the Yang-Mills equation for calculation.

This method is incredible.

In the past, most new particles were discovered through the analysis of experimental data from particle collisions. The number of particles that can be predicted through theoretical research is very rare, and they are also very critical particles.

For example, Higgs particles and neutrinos.

Higgs particles and neutrinos are both large-scale particles, and it is not surprising that they can be predicted through calculations, while individual mesons are small-scale particles, and their role in theory is extremely weak.

Now it can be predicted through calculations, which makes many physicists feel incredible.

Many physicists have begun to study the research results of Wang Hao and Paul Phil-Jones, and have become interested in annihilation theory.

At the same time.

A large number of media at home and abroad have reported on the new particles discovered by the European particle collider experiment, and Wang Hao and Paul Phil-Jones's advance predictions of new particles.

Many reporters also went to Xihai University to interview Wang Hao.

It was very difficult for them to interview Wang Hao, but Wang Hao still made a public appearance to explain the discovery of new particles. He explained his research, "Our research is mainly based on the annihilation theory."

"I have always believed that there is an annihilation force, which can be understood as space compression, and our latest theory believes that the annihilation force has a higher dimension."

"Mathematically speaking..."

Wang Hao began a long speech related to mathematics, which also made some reporters who interviewed him recall their past pain.

They could only turn on the recorder to take notes, and they didn't even think about understanding it.

After Wang Hao made a simple explanation, he didn't accept any more interviews.

After that, Paul Phil Jones became the focus.

Paul Phil Jones is a full professor at California Institute of Technology, but most scholars are not paid attention to, and he did not experience being sought after by a large group of reporters.

Paul Phil-Jones also felt an extreme sense of accomplishment. He said excitedly, "The basis of our research is that the annihilation force has a higher dimension, or simply put, the annihilation force creates the other three forces."

"This is a causal relationship."

"The annihilation force creates decay and is the source of other forces. That's why..."

"The annihilation theory is a theory that can achieve grand unification, I think..."

Paul Phil-Jones became more and more involved as he spoke, and later even expressed, "Although string theory is also a grand unified theory, I think annihilation theory is correct, and many problems in string theory are just empty imaginations."

"What I am doing now is to shape a new grand unified theoretical system based on annihilation theory."

"The direct results, as you can see, we can predict new particles, and in the future we can also predict other microscopic physical phenomena..."

"I believe that the study of annihilation theory can provide theoretical support for particle collision experiments..."

...

Because the new particles were determined by the European Organization for Nuclear Research, more physicists are paying attention to annihilation theory.

String theory scholars were not in a good mood, because some of the mathematical systems in Wang Hao and Paul Phil Jones's research conflicted with string theory.

Now that their research has been proven to be correct, doesn't it mean that the mathematical system of string theory is wrong?

Even if it cannot be proved that all of them are wrong, it is still difficult to accept that some of them are wrong.

Princeton University.

Edward Witten sat in his office, watching Paul Phil Jones talk in the news, and even said, "Many problems in string theory are just empty imaginations."

Such words are so harsh!

If he hadn't really seen the interview report, he would not believe that Paul Phil Jones would "betray".

How is it possible!

That was Paul Phil Jones, who was extremely loyal to string theory. He not only studied annihilation theory, but also spoke ill of string theory in front of the media.

This betrayal was really thorough!

Edward Witten felt speechless again, because the other party's research did predict new particles, which meant that the main direction of the research was correct.

So, string theory is wrong?

He couldn't accept the conclusion that string theory was wrong, but he couldn't think of how to refute it.

When Edward Witten was worried, he found an email from Science magazine. It was sent by an editor-in-chief, inviting him to review a professional paper.

He really didn't feel like reviewing, but he still glanced at the title of the paper, "Analysis of the Big Bang Based on Annihilation Theory and String Theory?"

"Annihilation Theory Combined with String Theory?"

"What logic?"

Edward Witten was a little confused, but he became interested and immediately replied to an email, confirming that he would help with the review.

He wanted to see what this research paper said.